The Evidence, Examined

The Quran's tone shifts dramatically between its Meccan and Medinan periods. The doctrine of abrogation holds that later…

The marriage of the Prophet to Aisha at a young age is the most-cited objection in ex-Muslim and…

Inheritance at half the male share. Testimony counted as half. Polygamy permitted for men, not women. These are…

The Quran and hadith explicitly permit slavery, including sexual relations with enslaved women. This is among the most…

The Banu Qurayza massacre, military raids, and assassinations attributed to early Islamic history are cited by critics as…

Historical sources — including classical Muslim historians — record that Muhammad temporarily recited verses praising polytheistic goddesses before…

We have addressed the Quran's preservation. But the hadith — the sayings and actions of the Prophet —…

Human beings evolved from earlier primates over millions of years. Islamic theology describes a first human pair, Adam…

Schellenberg's argument from divine hiddenness: if a perfectly loving God exists and wants relationship with human beings, why…

Plato's Euthyphro dilemma: either God commands things because they are good (making goodness independent of God) or things…

Divine foreknowledge and human freedom appear to be in direct conflict. If God knew before your birth what…

Freud argued that God is an idealised father figure — a projection of human psychological needs onto the…